Carrying Capacity And Marine Protected Areas
What is being measured in carrying capacity studies is generally confined to the direct physical impacts on the environment. However, the indirect effects of visitation such as increased sedimentation levels from coastal zone construction or increased nutrients from the discharge of untreated or partially treated sewerage waste, may be much more significant sources of stress to the environment.
Reference : Glass, A. and K. De Meyer. 2002. Carrying capacity and marine protected areas. Science Fact Sheet. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL)
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Coral Reefs and the Global Network of Marine Protected Areas
Existing marine reserves are largely ineffective and as a whole remain insufficient for the protection of coral reef diversity.
Reference : Mora, C., S. Andrefouet, M. J. Costello, C. Kranenburg, A. Rollo, J. Veron, K. J. Gaston and R. A. Myers. Science vol 312: 1750-1751. 2006.
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Good Practices for Community-based Planning and Management of Shrimp Aquaculture in Sumatra, Indonesia.
This paper presents a case study of a pilot project in Indonesia that is working to promote environmentally responsible and sustainable shrimp aquaculture. The project is located in Pematang Pasir, a coastal village located in Lampung Province on the island of Sumatra, in Indonesia. Lampung Province is the second largest shrimp-producing province in Indonesia. It has achieved this status over a very short period of time. Like so many other places around the world, the rate of growth has overwhelmed government capacity to plan and guide shrimp aquaculture growth in a responsible manner. The pilot project in Pematang Pasir is part of the Indonesian Coastal Resources Management Project (Proyek Pesisir) whose overall objective is to decentralize and strengthen coastal resource planning and management.4 As a “pilot” project, it is intended to test and expand knowledge of effective methods and lessons learned that could be replicated in other locations on a wider scale. This paper describes what has been learned to date, and offers strategies, methods and tools of community-based coastal resource management that can be used worldwide in efforts directed at analyzing constraints to adoption of good practices for shrimp farming and how to overcome them.
Proyek Pesisir Working Paper. USAID/BAPPENAS NRM II Program. Jakarta, Indonesia. 2001. 45pp.
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A Marine Rapid Assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia.
The Raja Ampat Islands, situated immediately west of the Birdshead Peninsula, are composed of four main islands (Misool, Salawati, Batanta, and Waigeo) and hundreds of smaller islands, cays, and shoals. Much of the area consists of gazetted wildlife reserve (cagar alam), but there remains a critical need for biological surveys. Delegates at the January 1997 Conservation Priority-setting Workshop on Biak unanimously agreed that the Raja Ampats are a high-priority area for future RAP surveys, both terrestrial and marine. The area was also identified as the number one survey priority in Southeast Asia at CI’s Marine RAP Workshop in Townsville, Australia, in May 1998. Due to its location near the heart of the “Coral Triangle” (the world’s richest area for coral reefs encompassing N. Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea) coupled with an amazing diversity of marine habitats, the area is potentially the world’s richest in terms of marine biodiversity. The area supports some of the richest coral reefs in the entire Indonesian Archipelago. The sparsely populated islands contain abundant natural resources, but unfortunately are a tempting target for exploitation. The islands have long enjoyed a form of natural protection due to their remote location, but as fishing grounds have become unproductive in areas to the west, the number of visits by outside fishing vessels has increased. Particularly over the past two to three years, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of explosives and cyanide by both outsiders and local people. This report presents the results of a Conservation International Marine RAP (Rapid Assessment Program) survey of marine biodiversity in the Raja Ampat Islands, focusing on selected faunal groups, specifically reef-building (scleractinian) corals, molluscs, and fishes. Additional chapters present the results of fisheries and reef condition surveys, as well as a study of marine resource use by local communities. The purpose of this report is to document local marine biodiversity and to assess the condition of coral reefs and the current level of fisheries exploitation in order to guide regional planning, marine conservation, and the use of sustainable marine resources.
(Laporan ini memaparkan hasil penilaian lapangan secara cepat di Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Indonesia, yang terletak di paling ujung barat Propinsi Papua dulu bernama Irian Jaya. Kepulauan ini terdiri dari beberapa pulau besar dan bergunung-gunung, yaitu Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati dan Misool serta ratusan pulau-pulau kecil di sekitarnya. Daratan dan lautan di sekelilingnya mencakup luas sekitar 43.000 km2. Total populasi penduduk adalah 48,707 atau 7 jiwa/ km2 berdasarkan sensus terakhir tahun 1998. Pulau-pulau ini merupakan bagian dari “segitiga karang” (Coral Triangle) yang terdiri dari Indonesia, Filipina, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Jepang dan Australia. Kawasan tersebut mendukung kehidupan eanekaragaman hayati laut terkaya di dunia, yang umumnya berpusat di habitat-habitat karang yang luas, bakau dan padang lamun. Survai ini dilakukan oleh Marine Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) Conservation International (CI) bekerjasama dengan Universitas Cenderawasih dan Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi-Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (P3O-LIPI)).
Reference:
McKenna, S.A. G. R. Allen and S.Suryadi (Eds.). 2002. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 22, Conservation International, Washington, DC. 193 p.
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Marine Protected Areas - providing a future for fish and people.
They also provide services to local communities who depend on the sea and its resources, increasing food security and reducing poverty. MPAs can also benefit local people by opening new opportunities to gain income. Countries with coral reefs attract millions of SCUBA divers every year, yielding significant economic benefits to the host country. Globally, almost USD 10 billion are spent on coral reef tourism annually. By establishing MPAs, we can restore the balance in the use of our oceans, safeguarding valuable fish stocks and important habitats while providing long-term solutions for local communities. The challenge The world’s oceans are under more pressure than ever before. From France to Japan, from Senegal to Australia and Chile, fish stocks are overfished and important habitats are being lost or degraded at an unprecedented rate. Sixty per cent of coral reefs are expected to be lost by 2030 if present rates of decline continue. The increasing number of people living on the coasts and the rapid rise in consumer demand for fish threaten marine biodiversity across the oceans. Inadequate fisheries management and widespread overuse of marine and coastal resources are also eroding the traditional basis of life for millions of people and even entire countries, depriving communities of their main source of vital protein and increasing poverty. Yet, only a mere 0.5 per cent of the oceans are protected – compare this to 13 per cent of land area under protection. And the large majority of that is inadequately managed, with almost all marine protected areas open to tourism and recreation and 90 per cent open to fishing. To turn the tide towards healthy oceans, the world’s leaders agreed, at the World Summit for Sustainable Development in 2002, to create representative networks of MPAs by 2012.
Reference : Global Marine Programme, WWF International Gland, Switzerland. 2005. 20p.
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